Libelle of note

Heading Neura retinalia added, from TH; based on Kolb H, Linberg KA, Fisher SK 1992. Neurons of the human retina: A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol 318:147-187, and more recent studies (Website Kolb H et al. The Organization of the Retina and Visual System; http://webvision.med.utah.edu).

TH term 'multipolare' replaced by 'retinale' for consistency. There are at least 18 different morphological types of ganglion cells in the human retina, numbered from G1-G23 after Golgi studies (G = Golgi type) by Kolb et al. (1981 Vision Res 21:1081-1114) in cats. Special names have been given to the Midget and Parasol ganglion cells, projecting to the Parvocellular and Magnocellular layers of CGL.

Masland RH (2001 The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:877-886) counted at least 29 types of Amacrine cells, most of them are glycinergic (Neuron amacrinum glycinergicum) or GABAergic (Neuron amacrinum GABAergicum).

A physiological subdivision of Cone bipolar cells includes ON-cone bipolar cells and OFF-cone bipolar cells, each with three to five disctinct types (Masland RH 2001. The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:877-886).

More recently, these ganglion cells became known as Small and Large bistratified ganglion cells, giving rise to the Koniocellular pathway to the CGL (Dacey DM 2000 Parallel pathways for spectral coding in primate retina. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:743-775; Nassi JJ, Callaway EM 2009 Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:360-372).

TH's A11 corrected to AII (Roman numeral!). 'Aperturae angustae' corrected to 'campi angusti' as for the other amacrine cells. The Latin term has been divided into two. The Amacrine cell AI (Kolb and Famiglietti 1974 Science 186:47-49) was later renamed as A17. The term AII remained.

See note # 7674

According to Kuypers HGJM (1981, Anatomy of the descending pathways. Chapter 13 in Hb Physiol, The Nervous System II. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD), propriospinal neurons, the intermediates between descending pathways and spinal motoneurons, can be subdivided into three groups: 1) Short propriospinal neurons with cell bodies located in the lateral parts of Laminae V-VII, with a range of 6-8 segments; 2) Intermediate propriospinal neurons with cell bodies mainly in the central part of Lamina VII, and axons extending over a subtotal number of cord segments (C>L; Th>S); 3) Long propriospinal neurons with cell bodies in the medial part of Lamina VII and in Lamina VIII, and extending over the whole extent of spinal cord segments.

The use of 'stellatum' for the Golgi cells is unfortunate, given the presence of other Stellate cells in the Molecular layer. As Latin term Neuron golgiense and as English term Golgi cell were accepted at the FIPAT Meeting in Istanbul, 2015.

See note # 8248

The large cholinergic neurons of the Striatum were originally described as Giant interneurons by Kölliker. Three types of GABAergic striatal interneurons can be distinguished, based on size and the colocalization of Parvalbumin, Somatostatin/NPY and Calretinin (Bolam 2010; Haber et al. 2012).

Mainly GABAergic interneurons (see Markram H, Toledo-Rodriguez M, Wang Y, et al. 2004 Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:793-807; Ascoli GA et al. 2008 Petilla terminology: Nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:557-568; DeFelipe J et al. 2013 New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 14:202-216); the current subdivision is based on preferred postsynaptic region.

There are many types of Short-axon cells described by among others Blanes, Cajal (Vertical cell), Golgi and Van Gehuchten (Mori K 1987) Membrane and synaptic properties of identified neurons in the olfactory bulb. Prog Neurobiol 29:275-430; Shepherd GM, Chen WR, Greer CA 2004 Olfactory bulb. In: Shepherd GM, ed: The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, 5th ed. Oxford Uniersity Press, New York, pp 165-216). As in TH, these cells are not included.

This category comprises the Interneurons, in the sense of all neurons other than motoneurons and sensory neurons, that are usually described as Projection, Commissural and Association neurons (see Bota M, Swanson LW 2007 The neuron classification problem. Brain Res Rev 56:79-88).

See note # 22578

See note # 22578

See note # 22578